{"id":35457,"topic":"ai","source":"The Conversation","title":"Despite the growth of some AI schools like Alpha, research doesn’t show that AI tutors are better than human teachers - The Conversation","url":"https://theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","url_hash":"cee6fb940f00e28e109c018d76bddd5da108653c","author":"","summary":"Despite the growth of some AI schools like Alpha, research doesn’t show that AI tutors are better than human teachers The Conversation","content":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco.\nAlpha School joins other AI-centric K-12 private schools, like Unbound Academy and the Khan Lab School, that parents can now choose for their children, paying anywhere from US$40,000 to $75,000 in some cases each year.\nSome advocates of AI-driven education use slogans like “School is broken, and we’re here to fix it.”\nMacKenzie Price, one of Alpha School’s co-founders, has described her frustration with the “one-size-fits-all” model of schooling, in which all students study the same material, but often learn at different speeds.\nSal Khan, the founder of the online educational platform Khan Academy, has also argued that artificial intelligence could give every student an individual tutor that is responsive to their specific needs.\nAnd Bill Gates is among the tech thought leaders who have speculated that AI will replace many teachers within the next decade.\nThe argument for more personalized education may be a good one in some cases. But it also risks creating a false dichotomy where all AI programs are seen as responsive and motivating, and all classroom teaching is rote lecturing.\nAs a scholar of education policy who does research on AI and teachers, I recognize that reality is far more complicated.\nThe promise of AI tutoring\nAlpha School replaces traditional, in-person instruction for K-12 students with personalized AI tutoring that condenses reading, math and other subjects into a two-hour study period.\nThe two-hour AI tutoring block is supplemented with in-person workshops and what the school calls “coaches” or “guides,” who are not necessarily licensed teachers. These sessions can focus on nonacademic life skills, like public speaking and entrepreneurship, as well as art and physical education.\nWhen it comes to the AI portion of this education, it is clear that there are benefits to personalized tutoring. A major review published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in 2020, for example, showed that many different kinds of tutoring provided by humans produced consistent learning gains across subjects and age ranges.\nA 2026 study by the Brookings Institution showed that AI improves computer-assisted tutoring by allowing students to interact in everyday language with the program. Generative AI can also modify the tutoring session, based on a student’s progress and challenges with the material.\nSo far, though, there is no clear evidence that AI or other kinds of computer-based tutors are superior to human tutors, though in many cases they might be cheaper.\nInstead of trying to replace teachers with AI, I think that a more promising strategy is to support teachers in using AI to become better educators.\nGood tutoring supports classroom learning\nOne-to-one tutoring with a human teacher, parent or paraprofessional has been shown to be very effective in raising student test scores and to overall improve student learning.\n“High-impact” tutoring that involves regular, long-term sessions in small groups held within schools has been shown to be particularly effective.\nAs Isabelle Hau, the executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, writes, young students need to develop strong social skills, what she calls “relational intelligence” to flourish in social settings.\nTo be effective, human tutoring needs to meet certain criteria. For example, tutors and their students should meet consistently, the tutors should be skilled and make sure that what they are teaching is fully integrated with the student’s curriculum.\nRelationship-building between tutors and students is also critical for getting students to stay more motivated and focused on their work at hand.\nCan AI tutors replace human ones?\nComputer-assisted instruction and intelligent tutoring systems have been around since the 1970s.\nThese systems are designed to provide instruction that adapts to learners as they progress through a series of exercises, problems or questions. They have been shown to increase student achievement when used as a supplement to classroom learning.\nHowever, extensive analysis of different studies found that while these systems increased student achievement, when compared with classroom instruction or students who rely on textbooks or workbooks to study, there was no significant difference in learning between computer tutors and human tutors.\nMore recently, a 2025 study found significant positive effects of AI tutoring on student achievement, across subjects and different grade levels.\nIn another widely cited study on AI tutors, researchers in 2025 compared the effect of active learning in class with a specially designed AI tutor they had built for an introductory class in physics at Harvard.\nStudents who used the AI tutor said they learned the material faster and felt more motivated to learn, compared with students who received specialized in-class instruction.\nIn this study, not only were the students already highly motivated and had good study skills, but the AI tutor was built by the same professors who taught the course.\nAI-supported instruction\nClaims that AI tutoring is superior to classroom instruction are only looking at part of the evidence.\nBut AI tutors could indeed be useful in some cases, if they are used to support human teachers in their work. One 2024 study showed student improvement in middle schools in low-income areas when human tutors had access to AI tutoring support.\nAnd a 2026 study showed that when teachers use AI for lesson plans, experienced teachers tend to critically revise content to better link it to the overall curriculum.\nInstead of considering a future where AI tutors replace human teachers, I believe that we need to think about what kind of support and professional development can help teachers make the most of these new and complicated tools.","image_url":"https://images.theconversation.com/files/746998/original/file-20260709-57-iwt44v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C170%2C3000%2C1500&q=45&auto=format&w=1356&h=668&fit=crop","lang":"en","published_at":"2026-07-13T12:05:08+00:00","fetched_at":"2026-07-13T13:15:05+00:00","status":"read","starred":0,"extract_state":"ok","summary_auto":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco. 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But it also risks creating a false dichotomy where all AI programs are seen as responsive and motivating, and all classroom teaching is rote lecturing.\nAs a scholar of education policy who does research on AI and teachers, I recognize that reality is far more complicated.\nThe promise of AI tutoring\nAlpha School replaces traditional, in-person instruction for K-12 students with personalized AI tutoring that condenses reading, math and other subjects into a two-hour study period.\nThe two-hour AI tutoring block is supplemented with in-person workshops and what the school calls “coaches” or “guides,” who are not necessarily licensed teachers. These sessions can focus on nonacademic life skills, like public speaking and entrepreneurship, as well as art and physical education.\nWhen it comes to the AI portion of this education, it is clear that there are benefits to personalized tutoring. A major review published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in 2020, for example, showed that many different kinds of tutoring provided by humans produced consistent learning gains across subjects and age ranges.\nA 2026 study by the Brookings Institution showed that AI improves computer-assisted tutoring by allowing students to interact in everyday language with the program. Generative AI can also modify the tutoring session, based on a student’s progress and challenges with the material.\nSo far, though, there is no clear evidence that AI or other kinds of computer-based tutors are superior to human tutors, though in many cases they might be cheaper.\nInstead of trying to replace teachers with AI, I think that a more promising strategy is to support teachers in using AI to become better educators.\nGood tutoring supports classroom learning\nOne-to-one tutoring with a human teacher, parent or paraprofessional has been shown to be very effective in raising student test scores and to overall improve student learning.\n“High-impact” tutoring that involves regular, long-term sessions in small groups held within schools has been shown to be particularly effective.\nAs Isabelle Hau, the executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, writes, young students need to develop strong social skills, what she calls “relational intelligence” to flourish in social settings.\nTo be effective, human tutoring needs to meet certain criteria. For example, tutors and their students should meet consistently, the tutors should be skilled and make sure that what they are teaching is fully integrated with the student’s curriculum.\nRelationship-building between tutors and students is also critical for getting students to stay more motivated and focused on their work at hand.\nCan AI tutors replace human ones?\nComputer-assisted instruction and intelligent tutoring systems have been around since the 1970s.\nThese systems are designed to provide instruction that adapts to learners as they progress through a series of exercises, problems or questions. They have been shown to increase student achievement when used as a supplement to classroom learning.\nHowever, extensive analysis of different studies found that while these systems increased student achievement, when compared with classroom instruction or students who rely on textbooks or workbooks to study, there was no significant difference in learning between computer tutors and human tutors.\nMore recently, a 2025 study found significant positive effects of AI tutoring on student achievement, across subjects and different grade levels.\nIn another widely cited study on AI tutors, researchers in 2025 compared the effect of active learning in class with a specially designed AI tutor they had built for an introductory class in physics at Harvard.\nStudents who used the AI tutor said they learned the material faster and felt more motivated to learn, compared with students who received specialized in-class instruction.\nIn this study, not only were the students already highly motivated and had good study skills, but the AI tutor was built by the same professors who taught the course.\nAI-supported instruction\nClaims that AI tutoring is superior to classroom instruction are only looking at part of the evidence.\nBut AI tutors could indeed be useful in some cases, if they are used to support human teachers in their work. One 2024 study showed student improvement in middle schools in low-income areas when human tutors had access to AI tutoring support.\nAnd a 2026 study showed that when teachers use AI for lesson plans, experienced teachers tend to critically revise content to better link it to the overall curriculum.\nInstead of considering a future where AI tutors replace human teachers, I believe that we need to think about what kind of support and professional development can help teachers make the most of these new and complicated tools.","excerpt":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco. Alpha School joins other AI-centric K-12 private schools, like Unbound Academy and the Khan Lab School, that parents can now choose for their children, paying anywhere from US$40,000 to $75,000 in some cases each year.","extraction":{"state":"ok","confidence":0.9,"error":null,"explanation":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","diagnostics_url":"/api/diagnose?url=https%3A//theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","quality_profile":{"profile_version":"extraction_quality.v2","bucket":"high","confidence":0.9,"failure_kind":"none","retryable":false,"retry_after_attempts":0,"reason":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","operator_guidance":{"severity":"ok","recommended_action":"trust_full_text","next_step":"Use the extracted full text as the primary article source.","operator_label":"Ready","can_retry":false,"can_use_summary":false,"diagnostics_required":false},"content_depth":{"contract_version":"content_depth.v1","category":"full_text","label":"Full text","has_full_text":true,"has_summary":true,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445,"usable_text_length":6003,"source_field":"content"},"legacy_collapsed":false,"signals":{"extract_state":"ok","extract_error":null,"extract_retries":0,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445}}},"display_formats":["compact","card","full","digest_section","json"]},"daily_stack_record":{"title":"Despite the growth of some AI schools like Alpha, research doesn’t show that AI tutors are better than human teachers - The Conversation","url":"https://theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","summary":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco. 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But it also risks creating a false dichotomy where all AI programs are seen as responsive and motivating, and all classroom teaching is rote lecturing.\nAs a scholar of education policy who does research on AI and teachers, I recognize that reality is far more complicated.\nThe promise of AI tutoring\nAlpha School replaces traditional, in-person instruction for K-12 students with personalized AI tutoring that condenses reading, math and other subjects into a two-hour study period.\nThe two-hour AI tutoring block is supplemented with in-person workshops and what the school calls “coaches” or “guides,” who are not necessarily licensed teachers. These sessions can focus on nonacademic life skills, like public speaking and entrepreneurship, as well as art and physical education.\nWhen it comes to the AI portion of this education, it is clear that there are benefits to personalized tutoring. A major review published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in 2020, for example, showed that many different kinds of tutoring provided by humans produced consistent learning gains across subjects and age ranges.\nA 2026 study by the Brookings Institution showed that AI improves computer-assisted tutoring by allowing students to interact in everyday language with the program. Generative AI can also modify the tutoring session, based on a student’s progress and challenges with the material.\nSo far, though, there is no clear evidence that AI or other kinds of computer-based tutors are superior to human tutors, though in many cases they might be cheaper.\nInstead of trying to replace teachers with AI, I think that a more promising strategy is to support teachers in using AI to become better educators.\nGood tutoring supports classroom learning\nOne-to-one tutoring with a human teacher, parent or paraprofessional has been shown to be very effective in raising student test scores and to overall improve student learning.\n“High-impact” tutoring that involves regular, long-term sessions in small groups held within schools has been shown to be particularly effective.\nAs Isabelle Hau, the executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, writes, young students need to develop strong social skills, what she calls “relational intelligence” to flourish in social settings.\nTo be effective, human tutoring needs to meet certain criteria. For example, tutors and their students should meet consistently, the tutors should be skilled and make sure that what they are teaching is fully integrated with the student’s curriculum.\nRelationship-building between tutors and students is also critical for getting students to stay more motivated and focused on their work at hand.\nCan AI tutors replace human ones?\nComputer-assisted instruction and intelligent tutoring systems have been around since the 1970s.\nThese systems are designed to provide instruction that adapts to learners as they progress through a series of exercises, problems or questions. They have been shown to increase student achievement when used as a supplement to classroom learning.\nHowever, extensive analysis of different studies found that while these systems increased student achievement, when compared with classroom instruction or students who rely on textbooks or workbooks to study, there was no significant difference in learning between computer tutors and human tutors.\nMore recently, a 2025 study found significant positive effects of AI tutoring on student achievement, across subjects and different grade levels.\nIn another widely cited study on AI tutors, researchers in 2025 compared the effect of active learning in class with a specially designed AI tutor they had built for an introductory class in physics at Harvard.\nStudents who used the AI tutor said they learned the material faster and felt more motivated to learn, compared with students who received specialized in-class instruction.\nIn this study, not only were the students already highly motivated and had good study skills, but the AI tutor was built by the same professors who taught the course.\nAI-supported instruction\nClaims that AI tutoring is superior to classroom instruction are only looking at part of the evidence.\nBut AI tutors could indeed be useful in some cases, if they are used to support human teachers in their work. One 2024 study showed student improvement in middle schools in low-income areas when human tutors had access to AI tutoring support.\nAnd a 2026 study showed that when teachers use AI for lesson plans, experienced teachers tend to critically revise content to better link it to the overall curriculum.\nInstead of considering a future where AI tutors replace human teachers, I believe that we need to think about what kind of support and professional development can help teachers make the most of these new and complicated tools.","confidence":0.9,"diagnostics_url":"/api/diagnose?url=https%3A//theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","quality_bucket":"high","failure_kind":"none","retryable":false,"quality_reason":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","quality_profile":{"profile_version":"extraction_quality.v2","bucket":"high","confidence":0.9,"failure_kind":"none","retryable":false,"retry_after_attempts":0,"reason":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","operator_guidance":{"severity":"ok","recommended_action":"trust_full_text","next_step":"Use the extracted full text as the primary article source.","operator_label":"Ready","can_retry":false,"can_use_summary":false,"diagnostics_required":false},"content_depth":{"contract_version":"content_depth.v1","category":"full_text","label":"Full text","has_full_text":true,"has_summary":true,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445,"usable_text_length":6003,"source_field":"content"},"legacy_collapsed":false,"signals":{"extract_state":"ok","extract_error":null,"extract_retries":0,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445}},"tags":[]},"fallback_formats":["markdown","json","html"],"actions":{"read":"/item/35457","export_markdown":"/api/items/35457/export?format=markdown","export_json":"/api/items/35457/export?format=json","diagnose":"/api/diagnose?url=https%3A//theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290"},"formats":{"full":{"id":35457,"title":"Despite the growth of some AI schools like Alpha, research doesn’t show that AI tutors are better than human teachers - The Conversation","url":"https://theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","source":"The Conversation","author":null,"published_at":"2026-07-13T12:05:08+00:00","locale":"en","topic":"ai","tags":[],"excerpt":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco. Alpha School joins other AI-centric K-12 private schools, like Unbound Academy and the Khan Lab School, that parents can now choose for their children, paying anywhere from US$40,000 to $75,000 in some cases each year.","full_text":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco.\nAlpha School joins other AI-centric K-12 private schools, like Unbound Academy and the Khan Lab School, that parents can now choose for their children, paying anywhere from US$40,000 to $75,000 in some cases each year.\nSome advocates of AI-driven education use slogans like “School is broken, and we’re here to fix it.”\nMacKenzie Price, one of Alpha School’s co-founders, has described her frustration with the “one-size-fits-all” model of schooling, in which all students study the same material, but often learn at different speeds.\nSal Khan, the founder of the online educational platform Khan Academy, has also argued that artificial intelligence could give every student an individual tutor that is responsive to their specific needs.\nAnd Bill Gates is among the tech thought leaders who have speculated that AI will replace many teachers within the next decade.\nThe argument for more personalized education may be a good one in some cases. But it also risks creating a false dichotomy where all AI programs are seen as responsive and motivating, and all classroom teaching is rote lecturing.\nAs a scholar of education policy who does research on AI and teachers, I recognize that reality is far more complicated.\nThe promise of AI tutoring\nAlpha School replaces traditional, in-person instruction for K-12 students with personalized AI tutoring that condenses reading, math and other subjects into a two-hour study period.\nThe two-hour AI tutoring block is supplemented with in-person workshops and what the school calls “coaches” or “guides,” who are not necessarily licensed teachers. These sessions can focus on nonacademic life skills, like public speaking and entrepreneurship, as well as art and physical education.\nWhen it comes to the AI portion of this education, it is clear that there are benefits to personalized tutoring. A major review published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in 2020, for example, showed that many different kinds of tutoring provided by humans produced consistent learning gains across subjects and age ranges.\nA 2026 study by the Brookings Institution showed that AI improves computer-assisted tutoring by allowing students to interact in everyday language with the program. Generative AI can also modify the tutoring session, based on a student’s progress and challenges with the material.\nSo far, though, there is no clear evidence that AI or other kinds of computer-based tutors are superior to human tutors, though in many cases they might be cheaper.\nInstead of trying to replace teachers with AI, I think that a more promising strategy is to support teachers in using AI to become better educators.\nGood tutoring supports classroom learning\nOne-to-one tutoring with a human teacher, parent or paraprofessional has been shown to be very effective in raising student test scores and to overall improve student learning.\n“High-impact” tutoring that involves regular, long-term sessions in small groups held within schools has been shown to be particularly effective.\nAs Isabelle Hau, the executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, writes, young students need to develop strong social skills, what she calls “relational intelligence” to flourish in social settings.\nTo be effective, human tutoring needs to meet certain criteria. For example, tutors and their students should meet consistently, the tutors should be skilled and make sure that what they are teaching is fully integrated with the student’s curriculum.\nRelationship-building between tutors and students is also critical for getting students to stay more motivated and focused on their work at hand.\nCan AI tutors replace human ones?\nComputer-assisted instruction and intelligent tutoring systems have been around since the 1970s.\nThese systems are designed to provide instruction that adapts to learners as they progress through a series of exercises, problems or questions. They have been shown to increase student achievement when used as a supplement to classroom learning.\nHowever, extensive analysis of different studies found that while these systems increased student achievement, when compared with classroom instruction or students who rely on textbooks or workbooks to study, there was no significant difference in learning between computer tutors and human tutors.\nMore recently, a 2025 study found significant positive effects of AI tutoring on student achievement, across subjects and different grade levels.\nIn another widely cited study on AI tutors, researchers in 2025 compared the effect of active learning in class with a specially designed AI tutor they had built for an introductory class in physics at Harvard.\nStudents who used the AI tutor said they learned the material faster and felt more motivated to learn, compared with students who received specialized in-class instruction.\nIn this study, not only were the students already highly motivated and had good study skills, but the AI tutor was built by the same professors who taught the course.\nAI-supported instruction\nClaims that AI tutoring is superior to classroom instruction are only looking at part of the evidence.\nBut AI tutors could indeed be useful in some cases, if they are used to support human teachers in their work. One 2024 study showed student improvement in middle schools in low-income areas when human tutors had access to AI tutoring support.\nAnd a 2026 study showed that when teachers use AI for lesson plans, experienced teachers tend to critically revise content to better link it to the overall curriculum.\nInstead of considering a future where AI tutors replace human teachers, I believe that we need to think about what kind of support and professional development can help teachers make the most of these new and complicated tools.","reading_time_min":5,"extraction":{"state":"ok","confidence":0.9,"error":null,"explanation":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","diagnostics_url":"/api/diagnose?url=https%3A//theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","quality_profile":{"profile_version":"extraction_quality.v2","bucket":"high","confidence":0.9,"failure_kind":"none","retryable":false,"retry_after_attempts":0,"reason":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","operator_guidance":{"severity":"ok","recommended_action":"trust_full_text","next_step":"Use the extracted full text as the primary article source.","operator_label":"Ready","can_retry":false,"can_use_summary":false,"diagnostics_required":false},"content_depth":{"contract_version":"content_depth.v1","category":"full_text","label":"Full text","has_full_text":true,"has_summary":true,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445,"usable_text_length":6003,"source_field":"content"},"legacy_collapsed":false,"signals":{"extract_state":"ok","extract_error":null,"extract_retries":0,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445}}},"quality_profile":{"profile_version":"extraction_quality.v2","bucket":"high","confidence":0.9,"failure_kind":"none","retryable":false,"retry_after_attempts":0,"reason":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","operator_guidance":{"severity":"ok","recommended_action":"trust_full_text","next_step":"Use the extracted full text as the primary article source.","operator_label":"Ready","can_retry":false,"can_use_summary":false,"diagnostics_required":false},"content_depth":{"contract_version":"content_depth.v1","category":"full_text","label":"Full text","has_full_text":true,"has_summary":true,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445,"usable_text_length":6003,"source_field":"content"},"legacy_collapsed":false,"signals":{"extract_state":"ok","extract_error":null,"extract_retries":0,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445}},"actions":{"read":"/item/35457","export_markdown":"/api/items/35457/export?format=markdown","export_json":"/api/items/35457/export?format=json","diagnose":"/api/diagnose?url=https%3A//theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290"}},"digest":{"id":35457,"title":"Despite the growth of some AI schools like Alpha, research doesn’t show that AI tutors are better than human teachers - The Conversation","url":"https://theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","source":"The Conversation","topic":"ai","published_at":"2026-07-13T12:05:08+00:00","excerpt":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco. Alpha School joins other AI-centric K-12 private…","quality_bucket":"high","quality_reason":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","reading_time_min":5,"cluster_id":null},"card":{"display_title":"Despite the growth of some AI schools like Alpha, research doesn’t show that AI tutors are better than human teachers - The Conversation","subtitle":"The Conversation · 2026-07-13","summary":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San…","badges":["quality:high"],"links":{"read":"/item/35457","original":"https://theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","diagnose":"/api/diagnose?url=https%3A//theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290"},"quality_warning":null},"export":{"title":"Despite the growth of some AI schools like Alpha, research doesn’t show that AI tutors are better than human teachers - The Conversation","url":"https://theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","summary":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco. Alpha School joins other AI-centric K-12 private schools, like Unbound Academy and the Khan Lab School, that parents can now choose for their children, paying anywhere from US$40,000 to $75,000 in some cases each year.","source":"The Conversation","date":"2026-07-13T12:05:08+00:00","content":"Over the past decade, the AI-focused, for-profit Alpha School has grown from one campus in Austin, Texas, to a growing list of more than 15 schools across the country, including in major cities like New York and San Francisco.\nAlpha School joins other AI-centric K-12 private schools, like Unbound Academy and the Khan Lab School, that parents can now choose for their children, paying anywhere from US$40,000 to $75,000 in some cases each year.\nSome advocates of AI-driven education use slogans like “School is broken, and we’re here to fix it.”\nMacKenzie Price, one of Alpha School’s co-founders, has described her frustration with the “one-size-fits-all” model of schooling, in which all students study the same material, but often learn at different speeds.\nSal Khan, the founder of the online educational platform Khan Academy, has also argued that artificial intelligence could give every student an individual tutor that is responsive to their specific needs.\nAnd Bill Gates is among the tech thought leaders who have speculated that AI will replace many teachers within the next decade.\nThe argument for more personalized education may be a good one in some cases. But it also risks creating a false dichotomy where all AI programs are seen as responsive and motivating, and all classroom teaching is rote lecturing.\nAs a scholar of education policy who does research on AI and teachers, I recognize that reality is far more complicated.\nThe promise of AI tutoring\nAlpha School replaces traditional, in-person instruction for K-12 students with personalized AI tutoring that condenses reading, math and other subjects into a two-hour study period.\nThe two-hour AI tutoring block is supplemented with in-person workshops and what the school calls “coaches” or “guides,” who are not necessarily licensed teachers. These sessions can focus on nonacademic life skills, like public speaking and entrepreneurship, as well as art and physical education.\nWhen it comes to the AI portion of this education, it is clear that there are benefits to personalized tutoring. A major review published by the National Bureau of Economic Research in 2020, for example, showed that many different kinds of tutoring provided by humans produced consistent learning gains across subjects and age ranges.\nA 2026 study by the Brookings Institution showed that AI improves computer-assisted tutoring by allowing students to interact in everyday language with the program. Generative AI can also modify the tutoring session, based on a student’s progress and challenges with the material.\nSo far, though, there is no clear evidence that AI or other kinds of computer-based tutors are superior to human tutors, though in many cases they might be cheaper.\nInstead of trying to replace teachers with AI, I think that a more promising strategy is to support teachers in using AI to become better educators.\nGood tutoring supports classroom learning\nOne-to-one tutoring with a human teacher, parent or paraprofessional has been shown to be very effective in raising student test scores and to overall improve student learning.\n“High-impact” tutoring that involves regular, long-term sessions in small groups held within schools has been shown to be particularly effective.\nAs Isabelle Hau, the executive director of the Stanford Accelerator for Learning, writes, young students need to develop strong social skills, what she calls “relational intelligence” to flourish in social settings.\nTo be effective, human tutoring needs to meet certain criteria. For example, tutors and their students should meet consistently, the tutors should be skilled and make sure that what they are teaching is fully integrated with the student’s curriculum.\nRelationship-building between tutors and students is also critical for getting students to stay more motivated and focused on their work at hand.\nCan AI tutors replace human ones?\nComputer-assisted instruction and intelligent tutoring systems have been around since the 1970s.\nThese systems are designed to provide instruction that adapts to learners as they progress through a series of exercises, problems or questions. They have been shown to increase student achievement when used as a supplement to classroom learning.\nHowever, extensive analysis of different studies found that while these systems increased student achievement, when compared with classroom instruction or students who rely on textbooks or workbooks to study, there was no significant difference in learning between computer tutors and human tutors.\nMore recently, a 2025 study found significant positive effects of AI tutoring on student achievement, across subjects and different grade levels.\nIn another widely cited study on AI tutors, researchers in 2025 compared the effect of active learning in class with a specially designed AI tutor they had built for an introductory class in physics at Harvard.\nStudents who used the AI tutor said they learned the material faster and felt more motivated to learn, compared with students who received specialized in-class instruction.\nIn this study, not only were the students already highly motivated and had good study skills, but the AI tutor was built by the same professors who taught the course.\nAI-supported instruction\nClaims that AI tutoring is superior to classroom instruction are only looking at part of the evidence.\nBut AI tutors could indeed be useful in some cases, if they are used to support human teachers in their work. One 2024 study showed student improvement in middle schools in low-income areas when human tutors had access to AI tutoring support.\nAnd a 2026 study showed that when teachers use AI for lesson plans, experienced teachers tend to critically revise content to better link it to the overall curriculum.\nInstead of considering a future where AI tutors replace human teachers, I believe that we need to think about what kind of support and professional development can help teachers make the most of these new and complicated tools.","confidence":0.9,"diagnostics_url":"/api/diagnose?url=https%3A//theconversation.com/despite-the-growth-of-some-ai-schools-like-alpha-research-doesnt-show-that-ai-tutors-are-better-than-human-teachers-281290","quality_bucket":"high","failure_kind":"none","retryable":false,"quality_reason":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","quality_profile":{"profile_version":"extraction_quality.v2","bucket":"high","confidence":0.9,"failure_kind":"none","retryable":false,"retry_after_attempts":0,"reason":"High confidence: full text extraction produced 6003 characters.","operator_guidance":{"severity":"ok","recommended_action":"trust_full_text","next_step":"Use the extracted full text as the primary article source.","operator_label":"Ready","can_retry":false,"can_use_summary":false,"diagnostics_required":false},"content_depth":{"contract_version":"content_depth.v1","category":"full_text","label":"Full text","has_full_text":true,"has_summary":true,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445,"usable_text_length":6003,"source_field":"content"},"legacy_collapsed":false,"signals":{"extract_state":"ok","extract_error":null,"extract_retries":0,"content_length":6003,"summary_length":445}},"tags":[],"format_contract_version":"news_item_formats.v1"}}}